Kuchengetedzwa kweSmart Contract muDeFi: Zvikanganiso Zvakajairika uye Maitiro Ekudzivirira Izvi
Nyika yeDecentralized Finance (DeFi) ibasa rinokatyamadza, kuchinja kwemari kwakavakirwa pamusana pe blockchain technology. Inovimbisa ramangwana rezviitiko zvemari zviri pachena, pasina mvumo, uye zvakajeka, kubva pakukweretesa uye kukweretesa kusvika pakuwana mari uye kutengesa zvinhu, zvese pasina pakati pekutonga. Pakati pechikamu ichi chechinja pane smart chibvumirano—kodhi inozvishandira iyo inotonga mitemo uye inotungamira migumisiro yechero kutengeserana.
Zvisinei, simba rinoshamisa iri rinouya nemutoro mukuru. Chirevo chechinyakare “kodhi ndiyo mutemo” munzvimbo yeDeFi chinoreva kuti hapana nharembozha yekushandira vatengi yekufonera kana chimwe chinhu chikaenda zvisizvo. Kana paine kukanganisa mukodhi, mari inogona kurasika zvisingadzoreki mukupenya. ye. Kune chikuva chakadai se Exbix, chakagadzirirwa kupa chivhariso chakachengeteka uye chakasimba mukati mehupfumi hwecrypto, kunzwisisa njodzi idzi kwakakosha kune vashandisi vedu.
Gwaro iri rakazara richapinda mukati mepasi pemaitiro ekuchengetedza chibvumirano chakanakisa. Tichajekesa kusagadzikana kwakajairika, tichiongorora zviitiko zvakakurumbira zvekupindira, uye, zvakanyanya, tichakupa iwe neye ruzivo rwekufamba munzvimbo yeDeFi zvakachengeteka. Rangarira, vashandisi vanoziva vakachengeteka. Uye apo uri kuongorora mikana yakakura yecrypto, unogona nguva dzose kutengesa mapairi makuru akadai se BNB/USDT uye ETH/USDT pane yedu yakachengeteka uye inoshanda Exbix exchange dashboard.
Kusangana: Mupanga Wakatwasanwa weDeFi
DeFi yakavhara makumi emabhiriyoni emadhijitari. Kukosha uku kukuru kunoita kuti ive chinangwa chakakwirira chevakaurayi. Bug imwe chete inogona kutungamira kumatambudziko anokosha anokwana mamiriyoni emakumi. madhora, kutyora chivimbo chevadyidzani uye kumisa hunyanzvi.
Asi izvi hazvisi chikonzero chekudzivirira. Panzvimbo pezvo, chiri kukoka kuti tidzidze uye tive nechengetedzo. Nekunzwisisa maitiro ekuti izvi zvinorwiswa sei, vashanduri nevashandisi vanogona kubatsira mukuvandudza chikuva chakasimba. Kune avo vari kutsvaga kuwedzera nzira dzavo dzekutengesa kupfuura misika yechokwadi, kunzwisisa njodzi idzi zvakare zvakakosha usati watanga kushanda nemapurojekiti akaoma pa Exbix Futures chikuva.
Chikamu 1: Hwaro – Chii chinonzi Smart Contracts & Nei Achikwanisa Kuve Nezvikanganiso?
Smart contract ipurogiramu inongogara pa blockchain inomhanya kana pamusoro pemaitiro akatarwa. Kazhinji anoshandiswa kuti aite kuti chibvumirano chiitwe kuitira kuti vatori vechikamu vese vagamuchire mhedzisiro, pasina kupindira kwechimwe chinhu kana kutambisa nguva.
Sei vari pakutyorwa?
- Kusachinjika: Kana yaiswa, inova yakaoma zvikuru kuti shanduko. Chero bug yakapinzwa mukodhi iripo nguva dzose, kunze kwekunge maitiro ekugadzirisa akagadzirwa kubva pakutanga.
- Kusagadzikana: Maitiro eDeFi akanyanya kuoma, kazhinji achisanganisira madhipatimendi akawanda anoshanda pamwechete. Uku kuoma kunowedzera “pamusoro pekurwiswa.”
- Kusanganiswa (Mari Legos): Izvi ndizvo Chinjanzo chikuru cheDeFi uye njodzi yayo huru. Maturusi akagadzirwa kuti ashande pamwe chete. Kukanganisa kumwe chete mumutemo kunogona kutapurira kune mamwe anovimba nawo.
- Kodhi Yeruzhinji: Kunyange zvazvo chimiro chekuvhurika chichikurudzira kuvimba, zvinorevawo kuti vanopanduka vanogona kuongorora kodhi kwemaawa, vachitsvaga kukanganisa kumwe chete.
- Oracle Chinetso: Makondirwo anoda data rekunze (semuenzaniso, mutengo wezvinhu). Data iri rinobva kuma “oracles.” Kana oracle ikakanganiswa kana kutambidzwa, makondirwo anovimba nayo achaita zvichienderana neruzivo rwekunyepa.
Usati wapinda mukukanganisa kwehunyanzvi, zvakakosha nguva dzose kuona kuti zviitiko zvako zvekutengesa zvakavakirwa pamapuratifomu akachengeteka. Unogona kutarisa mitengo yazvino uye kufamba kweakasiyana masheya pa Exbix Markets peji.
Chikamu 2: Zvikanganiso Zvakajairika muSmart Contract uye Zvikanganiso
Ngatiparadzirei zvikamu zvakajairika zvezvikanganiso zvakakonzera kukanganisa kwakakura kurasikirwa muDeFi.
1. Kudzokorora Kwekuputswa: Kubiwa Kwechinyakare
Kudzokorora kwekuputswa ndiyo inonyanyozivikanwa kusagadzikana kwe smart contract, iyo yakaratidzwa zvakaipa ne kuputswa kweDAO muna 2016, izvo zvakakonzera kurasikirwa kwe3.6 miriyoni ETH uye kukonzera hard fork yeEthereum.
- Chii chiri ichi? Kudzokorora kwekuputswa inotika kana chibvumirano chehuwandu chinodana zvakare mukati mechibvumirano chakatumira usati wapera kuita basa rekutanga. Izvi zvinogona kubvumira mupinze kutora mari kakawanda usati wagadzirisa chiyero chavo.
- Maitiro azvo:
- Chibvumirano A chine
withdraw()basa rinotumira ETH kumushandisi uye zvino inogadzirisa chiyero chemutengi. - Chibvumirano cheMuiti B chinodaidza
withdraw(). - Chibvumirano A chinotumira ETH kuChibvumirano B.
- Chibvumirano B chine
fallback()function (inogamuchira ETH) iyo pakarepo inodanawithdraw()muChibvumirano A zvakare. - Chibvumirano A hazvina kuchinja chiyero chemutyairi, saka inocherechedza kuti Chibvumirano B chiri kuchiri kutora ETH yakawanda uye chinotumira zvakare.
- Iyi loop inoramba ichienderera, ichidzikamisa Chibvumirano A, kusvikira gasi re transaction rapera kana chibvumirano chava chisina chinhu.
- Chibvumirano A chine
- Muenzaniso Wakatanga: Kuba kweDAO (2016).
- Maitiro Ekudzivirira Izvi:
- Shandisa muenzaniso weChecks-Effects-Interactions: Iyi ndiyo mitemo yegoridhe. Gara uchitevera:
- Tarisa mamiriro ese (semuenzaniso,
require(balances[msg.sender] >= amount);). - Gadzirisa ose ari mukati memaitiro (emaitiro) (semuenzaniso,
balances[msg.sender] -= huwandu;). - Ipapo, bata neshanduko dzimwe makontraki kana EOAs (shanduko) (semuenzaniso,
msg.sender.call{value: amount}("");).
- Tarisa mamiriro ese (semuenzaniso,
- Shandisa Reentrancy Guards: OpenZeppelin inopa
ReentrancyGuardmodifier inovhara basa panguva yekuitwa kwayo, ichidzivirira kudana kwekudzokorora.
- Shandisa muenzaniso weChecks-Effects-Interactions: Iyi ndiyo mitemo yegoridhe. Gara uchitevera:
2. Kudzorera kweOracle
Smart contracts kazhinji vanoda data remunyika chaiyo. Maoracles ndiwo masevhisi anopa data iri. Kudzorera mutengo unopihwa neoracle chinhu chikuru chekurwisa.
- Chii chiri? Mutorwa anokanganisa mutengo wechigadzirwa pane decentralized exchange (DEX) ine liquidity shoma kuti kudzorera oracle yechibvumirano kuti ireporti mutengo usingaite.
- Maitiro ekushanda:
- Chibvumirano chekubhadhara chinoshandisa mutengo weDEX seoracle kuti chione kuti chii chinogona kubhadharwa pamberi pekuchengetedza.
- Mukuvhiyiwa anotora chikwereti cheflash kuti abvise mari kubva mupair yekutengesa, semuenzaniso, ABC/ETH, achiita kuti isave nemari yakawanda.
- Mutori anobva atengesa huwandu hushoma hweABC kuti achinje mutengo wacho zvakanyanya kupikisa ETH pamudziyo usina mvura ikozvino.
- Oracle yeprotocol inoverenga mutengo uyu wakagadzirwa.
- Mutori anoshandisa ABC yakakwidziridzwa zvisina kujairika semari yekudzorera kuti abate huwandu hukuru hwezvimwe, zvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa kubva kuprotocol.
- Mutori anodzosa chikwereti chekupedzisira, uye mutengo weABC inozvitswa, asi chibvumirano chakasara nemari isina kukosha uye chikwereti chikuru chakaipa.
- Muenzaniso Unozivikanwa: Harvest Finance hack ($34 miriyoni yakarasika), nyaya yeDAI yeCompound.
- Maitiro Ekudzivirira Izvi:
- Shandisa MaOracle Akazvimirira: Shandisa masangano eoracle akasimba seChainlink, ayo kuunganidza data kubva kumasangano akazvimirira akawanda nemasosi, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakaoma uye zvinodhura zvikuru kuchinja.
- Shandisa Mitengo Yakatemerwa Nguva (TWAPs): Kushandisa avhareji yemutengo panguva (semuenzaniso, maminitsi 30) pane mutengo wepanguva unokurumidza kunoita kuti kuchinja kwechinguva kusave nemari.
- Shandisa Masosi Akawanda eData: Usakanganwa tenderei pakupinza pamari yeDEX imwechete kuti uwane mutengo wakakosha.
3. Kuwedzera uye Kudonha kweNhamba
Makomputa ane miganhu pamaitiro ekuti nhamba huru inofanira kuva. I uint256 (nhamba isina chiratidzo) muSolidity ine kukosha kwepamusoro kwe 2^256 - 1.
- Chii chiri ichi?
- Overflow: Kana chiito (sezvakaita kuwedzera) chinotungamira kuverengeka kukuru kupfuura kukosha kwepamusoro, inotenderera kuverengeka kudiki kwazvo.
- Underflow: Kana chiito (sezvakaita kubvisa) chinotungamira kuverengeka pasi pe zero (kuverengeka kusina kusarudzika, izvo zvisingagamuchirwi), inotenderera kuverengeka kukuru kwazvo. number.
- Chiyero che
100tokens. Mushandisi anopedza101. Kuverenga100 - 101kunotungamira pakuderera, zvichikonzera chiyero che2^256 - 1, zvichikonzera kuti mushandisi awane chiyero chisingaperi.
- Shandisa Solidity 0.8.x kana kupfuura: Mupurisa anotarisa otomatiki pamakanganiso ekupfuura/kudzika uye anodzosera kutengeserana panosvika.
- Shandisa SafeMath kumapurisa ekare: OpenZeppelin SafeMath raibhurari inopa mabasa ekuita masvomhu akachengeteka pamberi pe v0.8.
4. Kukanganisa kweKudzora Kwekupinda
Makontrakiti mazhinji ane mabasa anofanirwa kuganhurirwa kumadressi dzimwe (semuenzaniso, muridzi, admin).
- Chii chiri ichi? Basa rinokosha kumaitiro eprotocol (semuenzaniso, kugadzirisa kontrakiti, kugadzira matoken matsva, kuchinja mitero) rinokanganisika richiitwa pachena panzvimbo pekudzivirirwa ne modifier senge
- Muenzaniso Wakatanga: Kuba kweParity Wallet (2017), uko mushandisi akakanganisa kutanga basa rakaita kuti ave muridzi wechibvumirano chemakombiyuta uye akazobva “kuenda” nacho, achitora ~500,000 ETH nekusingaperi.
- Maitiro Ekudzivirira Izvi:
- Shandisa Kutonga kweKuwana
Modifiers: Shandisa modifiers akadai seOpenZeppelin’s
OwnablekanaAccessControlkuti zvive pachena kuti mabasa anokosha akarambidzwa. - Audit uye Edza Zvakanyanya: Automated tests anofanira kunyatsoongorora kuti vashandisi vasina mvumo havagamuchire mabasa akakwirira.
- Shandisa Kutonga kweKuwana
Modifiers: Shandisa modifiers akadai seOpenZeppelin’s
onlyOwner. 5. Frontrunning uye Transaction Kutongwa kweKutevedzana
Mublockchain, kutengeserana kwakajeka mumempool pamberi pekunge kwachera. Vacheri vanokurudzira kutengeserana kuti kuve mukati meblock, kazhinji vachipa pamberi kune ayo ane mari yepamusoro.
- Chii chiri kutaurwa? Mutyairi anoona kutengeserana kunobatsira (semuenzaniso, kutengeserana kukuru kuchachinja mutengo) mumempool uye anotumira yake. transaction ine inotora mari yakakura yekugadzirisa kuti itange kutorwa.
- Zvinoshanda sei:
- Mushandisi A anotumira transaction yekutenga 10,000 XYZ tokens, izvo zvichawedzera mutengo zvakanyanya.
- Mutengesi B anoona transaction iyi uye nekukurumidza anotumira transaction yekutenga XYZ kutanga, aine mari yakakura yekugadzirisa.
- Mutori wechikamu anobudirira kutora transaction yaMutengesi B’s tenga odha kutanga. Mutengo weXYZ unokwira.
- Odha yaUser A inoitwa pamutengo mutsva, wakakwirira.
- Mutengesi B anokurumidza kutengesa maXYZ tokens avakatenga, achikunda kubva pamusiyano wemutengo wakagadzirwa neodha yaUser A.
- Maitiro Ekudzivirira Izvi:
- Shandisa Submarine Sends: Maitiro akadai sekushandisa mitemo ekupihwa, uko chinangwa chinotumirwa pakutanga uye chiito chinoratidzirwa gare gare.
- Shandisa Flash Bots: PaEthereum, masevhisi akadai seFlashbots anodzivirira kutengeserana kubva pakusvetuka nekutengesa zvakananga kumachina.
- Gadzirisa Tolerance yeSlippage: PaDEXs, vashandisi vanogona kumisa mutemo wakanyanya wekuwedzera kuti vadzivise kutengeserana kubva pakuitika pa mitengo asina kunaka zvikuru.
(… Chikamu chinoenderera mberi kwe ~4100 mazwi, chichikurukura mamwe mhosva akadai seLogic Errors, Rug Pulls, Flash Loan Attacks, uye zvikamu zvakawanda pamusoro peMaitiro Ekudzivirira Iwe seMushandisi uye Zvinotarisirwa Zvakanyanya zveVagadziri …)
Chikamu 5: Maitiro Ekudzivirira Iwe seMushandisi weDeFi
Vagadziri vanotakura mutoro wekunyora kodhi yakachengeteka, asi vashandisi vanofanirwa kuita chirevo chekutarisira. Heano maitiro aunogona kudzivirira mari dzako:
- Dzidza Pachedu (DYOR): Usambotora mari muprojekiti yausina kunzwisisa. Verenga magwaro avo, unzwisise tokenomics yavo.
- Tarisa Kuti Pane Odit: Iko kune... projekiti yakatariswa neyakakurumbira kambani seConsenSys Diligence, Trail of Bits, CertiK, kana Quantstamp? Verenga mishumo yekutarisa! Cherechedzo: Kutarisa hakusi kwechokwadi, asi kushaikwa kwaro hakufanirwi kutorwa zviri nyore.
- Simbisa Kuvanzika kweChikwata: Iva nekuchenjera zvikuru nezvikwata zvizere zvisina kuzivikanwa. Nepo kuvanzika kuri kodzero, kuve pasina kuzivikanwa kunoita kuti “rug pulls” kuve nyore kuitwa pasina mhedzisi.
- Tanga Uchishoma: Usambotora mari yakawandisa kupfuura yaunoda kurasikirwa nayo. Edza chirongwa ichi nemari shoma kutanga.
- Shandisa Hardware Wallets: Hardware wallet inochengeta makiyi ako akavanzika offline, ichipa dziviriro inokosha kubva kumalware uye mawebhusaiti ekunyepedzera. Paunobatanidza wallet yako kune dApp itsva, tarisa maURL zvakanaka.
- Nzwisisa Njodzi dzeMafamu Matsva: APY yakakwira, isingagamuchirwi kazhinji ndiyo inonyanya kukwezva kune utachiona. Kana zvichitaridza sekuti zviri nyore kupfuura zvazviri, kazhinji ndizvo.
- Kutarisa Nzvimbo dzeSocial: Chikwata chiri kupindura here? Nharaunda iri kushanda here? Telegram kana Discord isina hupenyu inogona kuva chiratidzo chakaipa.
Kune avo vanosarudza chiitiko chakanyatsogadzirwa, kutanga kufamba kwako kwekutengesa pa chikuva chakagadzikana uye chakachengeteka se Exbix kunogona kuderedza njodzi idzi zvakanyanya. Isu tinobata kuchengetedzwa kwechikuva, zvichikubvumira kuti utarise pane yako nzira yekutengesa yemapair akadai se ETC/USDT pa dhipa yekutengesa yakatsaurirwa.
Magumo: Basa Rakagovaniswa reRamangwana Rakachengeteka
Nzvimbo yeDeFi inzvimbo yehunyanzvi husingaenzaniswi uye mikana, asi haina kutapudzwa nematambudziko ayo. Kuchengetedzwa kwemakontrakiti akangwara hakusi kungoita chete challenges ehunyanzvi kumagadziri; chiri chido chepasi rose. Magadziri anofanirwa kupa pamberi kuedzwa kwechokwadi, kuongororwa kwechokwadi, uye kuongororwa kwehunyanzvi. Vashandisi vanofanirwa kugamuchira dzidzo uye kubatanidzwa nekuchenjera.
Rwendo rwekuenda kune yakachengeteka DeFi ecosystem ruri mberi. Nekunzwisisa kusagadzikana kwakajairika, kudzidza kubva kumaitiro apfuura, uye kutora pfungwa yekutanga pakuchengeteka, tinogona kutibatsira tese mukuvaka ramangwana remari rakasimba uye rakavimbika. Chivimbiso cheDeFi chakakura kwazvo kuti chisiye kucherechedzwa. Chinofanira kuvakwa, nhanho nhanho, pamusana pekuchengeteka uye kuvimba.
Ramba wakachengeteka, ramba uchiziva, uye nakidzwa nekutengesa pa Exbix
